What is the best defense for a DUI?
- Suspect Not Given Opportunity to Contact an Attorney during the DUI Investigation. ...
- Breath Alcohol Testing Can Be Inaccurate. ...
- Illegal Stop of Person or Vehicle. ...
- Field Sobriety Test is Inaccurate or Invalid. ...
- No Evidence of Suspect Driving Vehicle or Being in Actual Physical Control.
Avoiding a license suspension in a DUI is only possible if you win both the DMV hearing, and also avoid a court conviction. With the DMV, that means that you must contact the DMV and request a hearing within 10 days of your DUI arrest.
A DMV DUI hearing is an administrative hearing held at a DMV office (not a criminal court). The sole issue in this hearing is whether or not your driver's license will be suspended as a result of your having been arrested for DUI. If you are arrested in California for drunk driving, the arresting officer will.
- Apologize. All judges want to hear you be remorseful for what you did. ...
- Give Some Background. ...
- Expose the Positives of the Situation. ...
- Complete Sentencing Requirements Before Being Sentenced. ...
- Promise to Act More Responsibly.
Finally, if there is a lack of well-documented evidence, the case against the driver is dropped. All of that noted these instances of DUI dismissals are rare as California prosecutors obtained a 90 percent conviction rate in 2006, meaning that defendants only had a ten percent chance of getting their case dropped.
Arizona is the state with the harshest DUI laws and the only one to earn a perfect 5.0-star rating. Arizona's tough laws include mandatory ignition interlock devices for all DUI convictions. Having a child in the vehicle when arrested for a DUI is also considered a felony in Arizona.
Defenses to a DUI may include: Evidence of good driving techniques. Alternative explanations for physical symptoms. Prejudicial variables in the field sobriety test.
In California, jail time is practically mandatory for people convicted of a DUI. Even if it is your first offense and no one was injured, a judge can sentence you to six months in jail.
- Applying for a Restricted Driver's License.
- Using Public Transportation or Ridesharing.
- Carpooling, Walking, and Biking.
In most cases, after a DUI arrest, you will have a temporary driving permit that allows you to drive for 30 days. When the police arrest a driver on suspicion of drunk driving, they generally take away the driver's license and give them a pink sheet of paper that acts as a temporary license.
What happens on your first DUI court date in California?
Arraignment – The arraignment is your first court appearance where you will enter a plea to the court regarding your criminal DUI charge. You should normally plead “not guilty”. In this part of the process you will receive the formal complaint and any evidence being presented.
The hearing is held before a Driver Safety Hearing Officer from DMV. At the hearing, the driver is informed of the legal grounds for the action, and has the opportunity to review and challenge the evidence of DMV, and to present evidence, witnesses, and testimony to persuade DMV to modify or rescind the action.
Under California Penal Code (CPC) §2900.5, there are alternatives to jail time for most felony or misdemeanor offenses, whether by plea or verdict. For DUIs, this means that you could do house arrest or rehab in lieu of jail time.
You should advise the court of any major achievements in your life or charity work you have performed. Again, proof should be given to the court of such achievements or charity. If you drive a lot of kilometres each year you should provide the court with evidence of this.
A first offense DUI can be punished by up to six months in county jail. This rarely, if ever, happens. Rather, the court will sentence the offender to informal (unsupervised) probation in lieu of a jail sentence. On most first offender DUI convictions, the probation term is three years.
After being pulled over for DUI, you must provide the police officer with your name, driver's license, registration, and car insurance details, however, you do not have to answer any incriminating questions they ask you. For example, “how much have you had to drink tonight?” You do NOT have to answer this question.
Fortunately, a DUI charge does not stay on your driving record forever. Generally speaking, it remains on your driving record for up to 10 years and is viewable by the DMV and law enforcement during that time. The other good news is that a DUI conviction on your driving record does NOT show on most background checks.
In California, a conviction for driving under the influence (DUI) stays on the defendant's driving record for 10 years after the arrest. It cannot be removed from the driving record during that time. felony offenses.
Minimum 180 days jail time (6 months), maximum 1 year or 16 months in state prison. DUI can be tried as a felony if you killed or severely injured someone, or if you have numerous repeat offenses. Felony DUI carries 1 to 5 years in state prison.
Are California DUI Laws Strict? (VC 23152) So how strict are DUI laws in California? If you are convicted of a first-time DUI under California Vehicle Code Section 23152, you face up to six months in county jail and fines of up to $2,000. In addition, the DMV could suspend your driver's license for up to six months.
What day has the most DUI arrests?
- 1: New Year's Eve. Unsurprisingly, New Year's Eve is the biggest night for DUIs in the United States—what IS surprising is the chance of getting a DUI is 129% higher than average.
- 2: 4th of July. ...
- 3: Thanksgiving. ...
- 4: Labor Day. ...
- 5: Memorial Day.
Between 9 a.m. and noon, only 9% of wrecks involve a driver impaired by alcohol. By 6 p.m., that rate of alcohol impairment in crashes increases to 33%. Between 9 p.m. and midnight, 46% of crashes involve at least one driver affected by alcohol, and between midnight and 3 a.m., 66% of collisions involve alcohol.
There are several common defences to drink-driving, including: Technical / procedural reasons – if it can be proven that the police did not undertake the alcohol measurement process correctly, sufficient doubt may be cast on the evidence provided by the police to prevent any prosecution.
You may have a complete defence to the charge of drink driving. This means that you should plea not guilty at the first hearing, at which point your case will be adjourned for trial. The trial will be in the magistrates court in about 3 to 4 months from the date of the first hearing.
Usually the police will use a more complex breathalyser at the station to perform a more accurate test, and they may also take blood or urine samples as evidence that you have been drink driving.
Wear your seatbelt, watch out for dangerous drivers, keep your hands on the wheel, and use your mirrors to stay aware of what's going on around you.
Involuntary intoxication is a true defence, like duress or self defence, which excuses a defendant though the prosecution proves voluntary commission of the physical elements of the offence and the fault elements, if any, required for conviction.
Many jurisdictions recognize involuntary intoxication is a valid defense to a crime. In these jurisdictions, a defendant can admit evidence of his intoxication to show that he did not appreciate the wrongfulness of his conduct when committing the crime and should not be held liable.
A court conviction for a first-time DUI in California automatically triggers a six-month license suspension pursuant to Vehicle Code 13352(a)(1). A Judge, however, does not impose this suspension. Instead, upon your conviction, the court notifies the DMV and the DMV imposes the suspension.
For a first-offense DUI in California, consequences for conviction generally include three years of informal probation, fines of $390 plus “penalty assessments” (totally approximately $2000, and completing a first offender alcohol program that consists of a 30-hour class, at a cost of about $500.
What are five 5 possible additional penalties for DUI conviction that a judge will order?
- Jail or Prison Time. ...
- Fines and Costs. ...
- License Suspension or Revocation. ...
- Treatment and Education. ...
- Penalties for Minors Convicted of DUI. ...
- Insurance Consequences. ...
- Enhanced Penalties.
- Wait Out the 30-Day Mandatory Suspension Period. ...
- Look Into Getting a Restricted License. ...
- Complete the Stipulations of the Suspension. ...
- Make Sure Your Have Up-to-Date Auto Insurance. ...
- Submit the Required Documents to the Local DMV Office. ...
- Pay the Required Fees.
You cannot normally carry passengers, unless you have a supervisor with you. The only passengers you can carry without a supervisor are: your spouse, or the person you live with as if you were married or with whom you are joined in a civil union.
California Vehicle Code § 14601.1(a) VC makes it a crime to drive a motor vehicle when you know that your driver's license is suspended or revoked. Doing so is a misdemeanor punishable by up to 6 months of jail time and a fine of up to $1000 plus court costs.
- Complete the full period of your license suspension. ...
- Serve your full jail or prison sentence. ...
- Complete DUI school. ...
- Complete any other sentencing conditions. ...
- Get the right car insurance. ...
- Apply for reinstatement.
DUI convictions usually come with a three to five year period of summary probation. It is very rare in California to receive supervised probation for a DUI. Probation comes with both rules you must follow and special obligations you must fulfill.
A DUI conviction in California can impact your car insurance until the conviction no longer appears on your criminal record or your record at the Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV). DUIs remain on your record for 10 years, so they will affect your car insurance for a decade.
Length of Probation For A First Time DUI Conviction
Typically, it will be three years of probation for any misdemeanor DUI. As of January 1st, 2021, all probations transition to one year for misdemeanors and two years for a felony.
No. The DUI providers can only enroll you into the program that was ordered by the court.
If you have mild hearing loss, it probably doesn't significantly impact your ability to drive; however, it never hurts to be prepared and take extra precautions. If your hearing loss is more severe, there may be certain restrictions you must follow, depending on that laws of the state you live in.
What happens after a preliminary hearing in California?
Put simply, in the vast majority of preliminary hearings in California, the judge will rule sufficient evidence exist and the defendant will be "held to answer for their charges," and the case will be transferred to a trail court within 15 days.
21. Is Jail Time Mandatory for a First DUI? Many California counties have a policy of jailing first time DUI offenders for 48-hours, but others may only impose probation and community service in lieu of jail time. If you refused testing, you likely face at least 2-4 days in jail.
You Cannot Refuse the Chemical Breath Test without Penalty
The breathalyzer test you are given at the police station after your arrest is mandatory, and if you refuse to take it, you are subject to additional penalties under California's “implied consent” law.
The court will also read the full charges against you, but if you have a lawyer your lawyer will typically ask to waive this in order to save time. You will also be read your rights, including the right to a lawyer and the right not to incriminate yourself. In some cases, the arraignment will also determine bail.
- I am guilty.
- I am sorry.
- I have no criminal convictions/a clean driving licence/a good driving record.
- A driving ban will affect me and other people because …
- Please can I do the drink drivers' rehabilitation course.
A conviction will result in a mandatory disqualification of at least 12 months and is often in the region of 18 months or longer.
First Offender Programs
A person convicted of a first DUI offense must complete a state-licensed 3-month, 30-hour alcohol and drug education and counseling program.
If pulled over for drinking and driving, you can get charged with a DUI. Luckily, in the state of California, you can get it dismissed before heading to court.
DUIs often appear on criminal record screenings, but not always. In certain cases, depending on the state, driving under the influence may be considered a traffic violation and will only be surfaced on an MVR report. In addition, a DUI will appear on most pre-employment checks.
Including Court Costs, ALL Legal Work and Court Appearances:
Misdemeanor Expungements $900* Misdemeanor DUI Expungement $1,075. Felony Expungement $1,200* (includes a reduction to a misdemeanor when eligible) Sealing of Juvenile or Diversion Records: $3,500.
References
- https://discoverymd.com/how-can-i-move-forward-after-a-dui/
- https://www.losangelesduiattorney.com/dui-faq/how-much-jail-time-do-i-face-for-a-california-dui-could-i-be-sent-to-prison/
- https://www.minicklaw.com/how-to-speak-in-court/
- https://dgriffinlaw.com/say-judge-dui-court/
- https://www.dwiminneapolislawyer.com/how-to-act-pulled-over/
- https://leadingwithtrust.com/2019/02/10/3-reasons-to-apologize-even-if-youve-done-nothing-wrong/
- https://www.dwilawyerstexas.com/how-to-beat-a-dwi-charge-in-texas/
- https://www.freeadvice.com/legal/if-i-am-stopped-and-the-officer-asks-me-if-ive-been-drinking-what-should-i-say/
- https://www.flockoflegals.com/how-to-write-a-dui-apology-letter/
- https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/grammar-&-vocabulary/story/words-to-use-instead-of-sorry-1892771-2021-12-27
- https://www.reeds.co.uk/insight/drink-driving-defences-at-a-glance/
- https://www.aceable.com/dmv/california/suspended-license/
- https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/exactly-what-happens-you-caught-14042870
- https://www.northerncoloradolawyer.com/blog/2020/08/how-to-tell-your-parents-you-just-got-arrested-for-dui/
- https://www.record-clear.com/Usual-Fees
- https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/driving-safety.html
- https://www.ag.gov.au/crime/publications/commonwealth-criminal-code-guide-practitioners-draft/part-23-circumstances-which-there-no-criminal-responsibility/division-8-intoxication
- https://www.shouselaw.com/ca/dui/laws/1st-offense/license-suspension/
- https://www.santabarbaracriminaldefenselawyers.com/criminal-defense/dui/types-of-dui/second-dui/
- https://healthblog.uofmhealth.org/wellness-prevention/how-alcohol-impairs-your-ability-to-drive
- https://www.majlaw.co.uk/tools/news/drink-driving/can-i-plead-not-guilty-to-drink-driving-free-legal-advice-maj-law-solicitors/
- https://www.majlaw.co.uk/how-we-can-help-you/mitigation/
- https://www.espressoenglish.net/10-english-phrases-for-apologizing-and-responding-to-apologies/
- https://unlock.org.uk/guide/disclosing-to-employers/
- https://www.shouselaw.com/ca/defense/vehicle-code/23152a/
- https://www.dwilawyerstexas.com/will-a-dwi-affect-a-background-check-in-texas/
- https://elevationbehavioralhealth.com/what-are-the-consequences-of-a-dui/
- https://www.socialmediatoday.com/content/power-im-sorry-four-rs-trustworthy-apology
- https://legalbeagle.com/8525685-write-letter-court-drunk-driving.html
- https://www.burgerhuyserattorneys.co.za/what-are-the-legal-implications-of-drinking-and-driving/
- https://www.nccourts.gov/assets/inline-files/05_Courtroom_Phrases.pdf?VersionId=YNcQsn6cAR2j0Gu5kIXbLJ0oXiRhd.zT?YNcQsn6cAR2j0Gu5kIXbLJ0oXiRhd.zT
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20690170/
- https://www.justia.com/criminal/drunk-driving-dui-dwi/handling-a-dui-stop/drunk-driving-defenses/
- https://www.davidmckenzielawfirm.com/faqs/how-do-i-explain-a-dui-on-a-job-application/
- https://www.record-clear.com/DUI-Expungement
- https://www.grammarly.com/blog/apology-letter/
- https://www.ruttermills.com/injury-lawyer/virginia-car-accident-lawyers/is-apologizing-after-a-car-accident-admitting-fault/
- https://www.losangelesduiattorney.com/los-angeles-dui-lawyer/can-you-avoid-jail-time-after-second-dui/
- https://www.verywellmind.com/how-to-apologize-more-sincerely-3144467
- https://www.aronlawfirm.com/dui-defense/dui-bail-information/
- https://hellosundaymorning.org/2019/03/20/excuses-for-not-drinking/
- https://www.dougmurphylaw.com/early-termination-of-probation-for-dwi
- https://makridislaw.com/what-to-do-when-you-get-pulled-over-for-dui/
- https://aizmanlaw.com/1st-dui/
- https://www.justia.com/criminal/drunk-driving-dui-dwi/dui-penalties/
- https://omqlaw.ca/need-know-drunk-driving-charges-toronto/
- https://dui.williamweinberg.com/sentencing-on-misdemeanor-dui-without-aggravating-factors.html
- https://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/question-dui-felony-28099.html
- https://kseacademy.com/phrases-apologise-english/
- https://www.police1.com/patrol-issues/articles/7-things-you-should-never-say-to-a-police-officer-zZRqj9tfmtaGAA6C/
- https://www.goldmanwetzel.com/blog/will-an-arrest-show-on-a-background-check/
- https://www.expertlawfirm.com/can-i-avoid-a-license-suspension-in-my-dui/
- https://www.dhcs.ca.gov/individuals/Pages/DUI_Programs.aspx
- https://www.oginski-law.com/library/the-power-of-saying-i-dont-know-at-deposition-trial.cfm
- https://duilacounty.com/win-dmv-dui-hearing/
- https://www.gorelick-law.com/restricted-license-after-a-dui
- https://www.losangelesduiattorney.com/dui-faq/how-can-i-reinstate-my-drivers-license-after-a-dui-in-california/
- https://www.wikihow.com/Reply-to-a-Drunk-Text
- https://sjoshuamacktaz.com/2020/07/10-tips-for-handling-the-stress-of-a-dui/
- https://www.acecriminalattorneys.com/probation-work-dui-charge-california
- https://www.berlitz.com/blog/how-to-say-sorry-english
- https://www.superlawyers.com/ask/dui-dwi/california/what-can-i-expect-after-being-arrested-for-a-dui-in-california/cc70a13e-4bee-4850-949c-e42ffef2045a.html
- https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/how-to-apologize-for-a-mistake-professionally
- https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/the-art-of-a-heartfelt-apology-2021041322366
- https://myragolden.com/2013/04/30/how-to-genuinely-apologize-without-admitting-fault/
- https://www.lawtonslaw.co.uk/resources/can-you-be-charged-for-drink-driving-and-not-be-in-the-car/
- https://www.hamplaw.com/top-5-most-common-dui-defenses
- https://checkr.com/blog/misdemeanor-dui-and-employment
- https://www.drinkdriving.org/drink_driving_special_reasons.php
- https://www.wikihow.com/Get-Around-While-Your-License-Is-Suspended
- https://www.backgroundchecks.com/personal/support/is-a-misdemeanor-on-your-criminal-record
- https://www.berkeleywellbeing.com/apologizing.html
- https://decastroverdelaw.com/blog/criminal-defense/can-a-dui-affect-your-green-card-status/
- https://www.grammarly.com/blog/how-to-apologize/
- https://www.rochester.edu/uhs/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/bloodalcohollevel.pdf
- https://jsalaw.com.au/going-to-court/apology
- https://www.betterup.com/blog/how-to-apologize
- https://garmolaw.com/can-i-refuse-a-breathalyzer-test-in-ca/
- https://www.healthyhearing.com/report/52756-Tips-for-driving-safely-with-hearing-loss
- https://www.losangelesduiattorney.com/dui/court-process/
- https://www.cronisraelsandstark.com/california-dui-court-process
- https://sanquentinnews.com/how-to-persuade-a-judge/
- https://www.greatsampleresume.com/letters/personal-letters/apology-to-court
- https://www.cnbc.com/2022/10/31/stop-saying-im-sorry-at-work-what-to-say-instead.html
- https://www.tkevinwilsonlawyer.com/blog/7-tips-to-deal-with-the-stress-of-being-charged-with-dui.cfm
- https://www.losangelesduiattorney.com/dui-faq/is-jail-time-mandatory-for-a-dui-in-california/
- https://legal-explanations.com/blog/what-percentage-of-dui-cases-are-dismissed/
- https://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=259
- https://www.idrivesafely.com/defensive-driving/trending/dui-felony-or-misdemeanor
- https://www.appearme.com/possible-outcomes-dui-case/
- https://readingwriting.byuh.edu/00000175-0c05-db8e-a177-0e0d06540001/writing-thesis-statements
- https://www.shouselaw.com/ca/dui/laws/dmv-hearing/
- https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/intoxication
- http://thedreamcatchersweb.com/2017/11/17/can-statements-you-make-to-police-while-intoxicated-be-used-against-you/
- https://roadguardinterlock.com/dui-laws/blog/states-with-most-duis-and-strictest-drunk-driving-laws/
- https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/articles/verdicts-and-sentencing
- https://www.shouselaw.com/ca/blog/how-to-explain-a-misdemeanor-on-a-job-application/
- https://www.criminaldefencelawyers.com.au/how-to-write-an-apology-letter-for-court-in-criminal-or-traffic-offences/
- https://www.grammarly.com/blog/other-words-for-sorry/
- https://www.thewilberslawfirm.com/blog/2022/05/what-time-of-day-are-you-most-likely-to-encounter-drunk-drivers/
- https://www.sydneycriminallawyers.com.au/criminal/resources/letters-of-apology/
- https://www.dmsprogram.com/dui-statistics-by-state/
- https://www.goldmanwetzel.com/blog/what-to-do-if-you-get-pulled-over-for-dui/
- https://thedrivingsolicitor.co.uk/2018/12/18/drink-driving-five-things-you-should-say-in-court-if-you-plead-guilty/
- https://jumeslaw.com/a-first-offense-dwi-in-texas-what-you-need-to-know/
- http://craigpenney.com/Blog-Toronto-Criminal-Mastering-A-Good-Apology.html
- https://www.jjlaw2.com/dui/glossary-dui-terms/
- https://worldpopulationreview.com/state-rankings/bac-limit-by-state
- https://thelawofficesofgrantbettencourt.com/how-to-get-your-dui-charge-in-california-dismissed/
- https://www.blasslaw.com/faqs/is-jail-time-mandatory-for-first-dwi-texas/
- https://www.brandonbernsteinlaw.com/what-you-should-and-shouldnt-say-to-a-judge-in-family-court/
- https://cainandherren.com/hawaii-dui-laws/
- https://www.jamescrawfordlaw.com/blog/2022/04/7-simple-ways-to-support-a-friend-who-got-a-dui/
- https://recoverycentersofamerica.com/blogs/heres-what-to-say-when-someone-asks-why-arent-you-drinking/
- https://www.findlaw.com.au/articles/4482/9-tips-for-representing-yourself-in-a-drink-drivin.aspx
- https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/driver-education-and-safety/dmv-safety-guidelines-actions/driving-under-the-influence/
- https://scholarship.law.missouri.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1313&context=jdr
- https://thinkkindness.org/all-things-kindness/5-steps-sincere-apology/
- https://peoplesafe.co.uk/blogs/7-tips-to-deal-with-drunken-individuals/
- https://www.verywellmind.com/the-importance-of-apologizing-3144986
- https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/driver-education-and-safety/dmv-safety-guidelines-actions/administrative-hearings/
- https://www.ochealthinfo.com/page/dui-frequently-asked-questions
- https://www.wklawdui.com/how-strict-are-california-dui-laws/
- https://www.criminaldefencelawyers.com.au/traffic-law/how-to-write-an-apology-letter-for-drink-driving-offences/
- https://bellrock.ca/learn/im-sorry-the-dos-and-donts-of-a-good-apology/
- https://www.shouselaw.com/ca/defense/vehicle-code/14601/
- https://www.simmrinlawgroup.com/faqs/how-long-does-a-dui-negatively-affect-your-car-insurance-in-california/
- https://andrewstorchsolicitors.com/offences/drink-driving/drink-driving-not-guilty-plea/
- https://www.dwi-texas.com/blog/2020/march/fresh-start-5-tips-to-rebuild-your-life-after-a-/
- https://www.kruselaw.ca/impaired-driving-charges/what-is-the-best-and-worst-case-scenario-for-my-dui/
- https://www.bsbsolicitors.co.uk/areas-of-law/drink-driving-solicitors/
- https://www.shouselaw.com/ca/blog/how-to-write-a-letter-to-a-judge-for-leniency/
- https://www.drinkdriving.org/drink_driving_magistrates_court_guide.php
- https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-red-light-district/201712/are-judges-swayed-apologies
- https://adcogov.org/sites/default/files/LOE-Handout.pdf
- https://www.losangelesduiattorney.com/glossary/probation-for-dui/
- https://www.simmrinlawgroup.com/faqs/how-do-i-disclose-my-dui-on-a-job-application/
- https://www.ladendorf.com/blog/2022/03/holidays-with-the-highest-dui-rates-in-the-united-states/
- https://www.shouselaw.com/ca/blog/dui/dui-expungement/
- https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/cj-jp/sidl-rlcfa/
- https://www.blinkist.com/magazine/posts/how-to-apologize-for-a-mistake-at-work
- https://ggia.berkeley.edu/practice/making_an_effective_apology
- https://www.kazarianatlaw.com/how-long-does-a-dui-stay-on-your-record/
- https://info.duilawyer-massachusetts.com/can-a-dui-prevent-you-from-getting-a-job
- https://www.a1drivingschool.co.nz/car-training/restricted-licence/
- https://www.theguardian.com/media-network/media-network-blog/2014/aug/18/deliver-public-apology-regret-react-reassure
- https://www.losangelesduiattorney.com/dui-faq/how-do-i-explain-a-dui-on-a-job-application/
- https://wts.indiana.edu/writing-guides/how-to-write-a-thesis-statement.html
- https://nvcourts.gov/aoc/programs_and_services/court_interpreter/interpreter_resources/common_courtroom_phrases
- https://www.egattorneys.com/preliminary-hearings
- https://www.goodhire.com/resources/articles/dui-on-a-background-check-and-employment/
- https://www.nysdwi.com/dui-foundation/support/emotional/
- https://www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/apology-law.html